• At Utkalika, Our work in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) focuses on developing secure communication methods that leverage the principles of quantum mechanics and address the challenges posed by emerging quantum computing threats. In QKD, we explore protocols that ensure secure key exchange by utilizing quantum states, providing a foundation for unbreakable encryption.
• Our PQC aims to create cryptographic algorithms resilient against quantum attacks, ensuring data security in a future where quantum computers could compromise traditional encryption methods. Together, these efforts contribute to the advancement of secure communication in the quantum era.
  
• Quantum sensing offers significant advantages over classical sensing methods by exploiting quantum mechanics to achieve higher sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. Unlike classical sensors, which are limited by thermal and shot noise, quantum sensors can utilize phenomena like entanglement and quantum squeezing to minimize noise, allowing for the detection of minuscule changes in fields or forces, making them ideal for applications that require extreme precision, such as quantum computing, medical diagnostics, and geological exploration.

Quantum communication uses the principles of quantum mechanics, particularly quantum entanglement and quantum superposition, to transmit information. In quantum communication, data is often encoded in quantum states, such as the polarization or spin of photons, which can securely carry information across optical fibers or free-space links. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a key application, where entangled photons are used to share encryption keys that are theoretically impossible to intercept without detection.

RF communication relies on electromagnetic waves, typically in the radio frequency spectrum  to transmit information. These signals are modulated in amplitude, frequency, or phase to encode data, which is then broadcast through antennas and received by devices within range. RF communication is the foundation for many modern communication systems, including Wi-Fi, cellular networks, and satellite communication

• RF and Microwave radar use electromagnetic waves within the RF and microwave spectrum (typically from a few MHz up to 300 GHz) to detect objects, measure their range, speed, and other characteristics. RF radars emit RF signals that reflect off targets and return to the radar system, where the reflections are analyzed to determine various object parameters.
• Quantum radar fundamentally differs from classical radar in that it uses quantum entangled or quantum correlated photons, allowing for highly sensitive and noise-resilient detection of objects.
• Photonic Radar employs lasers, optical fibers, and other photonic devices to produce and manipulate radio frequency (RF) signals. Its core advantage is that light-based systems offer high frequency, high bandwidth, low latency, and reduced noise, enabling more precise detection and imaging capabilities.

Global Positioning System (GPS) uses a network of satellites orbiting Earth that continuously broadcast signals. A GPS receiver on Earth calculates its position by triangulating the distance to at least four satellites, using the travel time of the radio signals.

Quantum Positioning System (QPS) uses quantum mechanics, particularly using atomic or quantum sensors such as atomic clocks, accelerometers, and quantum gyroscopes. These sensors measure changes in motion and gravitational forces with extreme accuracy, allowing a QPS to calculate position relative to a known starting point without relying on satellite signals